Plastic shopping bags that get carried away from the side of roads and tangled on cotton plants can end up at cotton gins if not removed before the harvest. Such bags may not only cause problem in the ginning process but might also get embodied in cotton fibers reducing its quality and marketable value. Therefore, it is required to detect, locate, and remove the bags before cotton is harvested. Manually detecting and locating these bags in cotton fields is labor intensive, time-consuming and a costly process. To solve these challenges, we present application of four variants of YOLOv5 (YOLOv5s, YOLOv5m, YOLOv5l and YOLOv5x) for detecting plastic shopping bags using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)-acquired RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) images. We also show fixed effect model tests of color of plastic bags as well as YOLOv5-variant on average precision (AP), mean average precision (mAP@50) and accuracy. In addition, we also demonstrate the effect of height of plastic bags on the detection accuracy. It was found that color of bags had significant effect (p < 0.001) on accuracy across all the four variants while it did not show any significant effect on the AP with YOLOv5m (p = 0.10) and YOLOv5x (p = 0.35) at 95% confidence level. Similarly, YOLOv5-variant did not show any significant effect on the AP (p = 0.11) and accuracy (p = 0.73) of white bags, but it had significant effects on the AP (p = 0.03) and accuracy (p = 0.02) of brown bags including on the mAP@50 (p = 0.01) and inference speed (p < 0.0001). Additionally, height of plastic bags had significant effect (p < 0.0001) on overall detection accuracy. The findings reported in this paper can be useful in speeding up removal of plastic bags from cotton fields before harvest and thereby reducing the amount of contaminants that end up at cotton gins.

Boll Weevil（Anthonomus Grandis L.）是一种严重的害虫，主要以棉花为食。由于亚热带气候条件，在德克萨斯州的下里奥格兰德山谷等地方，棉花植物可以全年生长，因此，收获期间上一个季节的剩下的种子可以在玉米中的旋转中继续生长（Zea Mays L.）和高粱（高粱双色L.）。这些野性或志愿棉花（VC）植物到达Pinhead平方阶段（5-6叶阶段）可以充当Boll Weevil Pest的宿主。得克萨斯州的鲍尔象鼻虫根除计划（TBWEP）雇用人们在道路或田野侧面生长的风险投资和消除旋转作物的田间生长，但在田野中生长的植物仍未被发现。在本文中，我们证明了基于您的计算机视觉（CV）算法的应用，仅在三个不同的生长阶段（V3，V6）（V3，V6）中检测出在玉米场中生长的VC植物，以检测在玉米场中生长的VC植物的应用。使用无人飞机系统（UAS）遥感图像。使用Yolov5（S，M，L和X）的所有四个变体，并根据分类精度，平均平均精度（MAP）和F1得分进行比较。发现Yolov5s可以在玉米的V6阶段检测到最大分类精度为98％，地图为96.3％，而Yolov5s和Yolov5m的地图为96.3％，而Yolov5m的分类精度为85％，Yolov5m和Yolov5m的分类准确性最小，而Yolov5L的分类精度最少。在VT阶段，在尺寸416 x 416像素的图像上为86.5％。开发的CV算法有可能有效地检测和定位在玉米场中间生长的VC植物，并加快TBWEP的管理方面。

为了控制棉花场中的鲍尔象鼻虫（Anthonomus Grandis L.）害虫重新感染，目前的志愿棉花（VC）（VC）（gossypium hirsutum L.）植物检测玉米（Zea Mays L.）和Sorghum等旋转作物中的植物检测（高粱双色L.）涉及在田野边缘的手动田地侦察。这导致许多风险植物在田野中间生长仍未被发现，并继续与玉米和高粱并肩生长。当他们到达Pinhead平方阶段（5-6片叶子）时，它们可以充当鲍尔维尔虫害的宿主。因此，需要检测，定位，然后精确地用化学物质进行斑点。在本文中，我们介绍了Yolov5M在放射线和伽马校正的低分辨率（1.2兆像素）的多光谱图像中的应用，以检测和定位在康沃尔场的流苏中间（VT）生长阶段生长的VC植物。我们的结果表明，可以以平均平均精度（地图）为79％，分类精度为78％，大小为1207 x 923像素的分类精度为78％，平均推理速度在NVIDIA上的平均推理速度接近47帧（FPS） NVIDIA JETSON TX2 GPU上的Tesla P100 GPU-16GB和0.4 fps。我们还证明了基于开发的计算机视觉（CV）算法的定制无人飞机系统（UAS）的应用应用程序应用程序，以及如何将其用于近乎实时检测和缓解玉米领域中VC植物的近乎实时检测和缓解为了有效地管理鲍尔象鼻虫害虫。

自1800年代后期从墨西哥进入美国以来，棉花象鼻虫是Anthonomus Grandis Boheman是美国棉花行业的严重害虫，其损失超过160亿美元。这种害虫几乎被根除了。但是，得克萨斯州南部仍然面临这个问题，由于其亚热带气候可以全年生长，因此每年始终容易恢复有害生物。一旦到达销售虫（玉米），一旦它们到达销售虫的植物，志愿棉花（VC）植物一旦到达销子，可以作为这些害虫的宿主，一旦它们到达销钉头阶段（5-6叶阶段），因此需要检测到，位于，位于，位置，并被摧毁或喷涂。在本文中，我们介绍了一项研究，用于使用Yolov3在无人飞机系统（UAS）收集的三个频段航空图像上检测玉米田中的VC植物。本文的两倍目标是：（i）确定Yolov3是否可以使用UAS和（II）收集的RGB（红色，绿色和蓝色）在玉米场中进行VC检测来研究行为基于平均精度（AP），平均平均精度（MAP）和95％的95％的图像（320 x 320，s1; 416 x 416，s2; 416 x 416，s2;和512 x 512，s3像素）的图像上的yolov3的图像。信心水平。在三个量表之间，MAP没有显着差异，而S1和S3之间的AP存在显着差异（P = 0.04），S2和S3（P = 0.02）。 S2和S3之间的F1分数也存在显着差异（P = 0.02）。在所有三个量表上，MAP缺乏显着差异表明，训练有素的Yolov3模型可用于基于计算机视觉的远程试验的航空应用系统（RPAA），以实时实时实时进行VC检测和喷雾应用。

语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

超越地球轨道的人类空间勘探将涉及大量距离和持续时间的任务。为了有效减轻无数空间健康危害，数据和空间健康系统的范式转移是实现地球独立性的，而不是Earth-Reliance所必需的。有希望在生物学和健康的人工智能和机器学习领域的发展可以解决这些需求。我们提出了一个适当的自主和智能精密空间健康系统，可以监控，汇总和评估生物医学状态;分析和预测个性化不良健康结果;适应并响应新累积的数据;并提供对其船员医务人员的个人深度空间机组人员和迭代决策支持的预防性，可操作和及时的见解。在这里，我们介绍了美国国家航空航天局组织的研讨会的建议摘要，以便在太空生物学和健康中未来的人工智能应用。在未来十年，生物监测技术，生物标志科学，航天器硬件，智能软件和简化的数据管理必须成熟，并编织成精确的空间健康系统，以使人类在深空中茁壮成长。

空间生物学研究旨在了解太空飞行对生物的根本影响，制定支持深度空间探索的基础知识，最终生物工程航天器和栖息地稳定植物，农作物，微生物，动物和人类的生态系统，为持续的多行星寿命稳定。要提高这些目标，该领域利用了来自星空和地下模拟研究的实验，平台，数据和模型生物。由于研究扩展到低地球轨道之外，实验和平台必须是最大自主，光，敏捷和智能化，以加快知识发现。在这里，我们介绍了由美国国家航空航天局的人工智能，机器学习和建模应用程序组织的研讨会的建议摘要，这些应用程序为这些空间生物学挑战提供了关键解决方案。在未来十年中，将人工智能融入太空生物学领域将深化天空效应的生物学理解，促进预测性建模和分析，支持最大自主和可重复的实验，并有效地管理星载数据和元数据，所有目标使生活能够在深空中茁壮成长。

Nearly all jurisdictions in the United States require a professional license exam, commonly referred to as "the Bar Exam," as a precondition for law practice. To even sit for the exam, most jurisdictions require that an applicant completes at least seven years of post-secondary education, including three years at an accredited law school. In addition, most test-takers also undergo weeks to months of further, exam-specific preparation. Despite this significant investment of time and capital, approximately one in five test-takers still score under the rate required to pass the exam on their first try. In the face of a complex task that requires such depth of knowledge, what, then, should we expect of the state of the art in "AI?" In this research, we document our experimental evaluation of the performance of OpenAI's `text-davinci-003` model, often-referred to as GPT-3.5, on the multistate multiple choice (MBE) section of the exam. While we find no benefit in fine-tuning over GPT-3.5's zero-shot performance at the scale of our training data, we do find that hyperparameter optimization and prompt engineering positively impacted GPT-3.5's zero-shot performance. For best prompt and parameters, GPT-3.5 achieves a headline correct rate of 50.3% on a complete NCBE MBE practice exam, significantly in excess of the 25% baseline guessing rate, and performs at a passing rate for both Evidence and Torts. GPT-3.5's ranking of responses is also highly-correlated with correctness; its top two and top three choices are correct 71% and 88% of the time, respectively, indicating very strong non-entailment performance. While our ability to interpret these results is limited by nascent scientific understanding of LLMs and the proprietary nature of GPT, we believe that these results strongly suggest that an LLM will pass the MBE component of the Bar Exam in the near future.

Previous work has shown the potential of deep learning to predict renal obstruction using kidney ultrasound images. However, these image-based classifiers have been trained with the goal of single-visit inference in mind. We compare methods from video action recognition (i.e. convolutional pooling, LSTM, TSM) to adapt single-visit convolutional models to handle multiple visit inference. We demonstrate that incorporating images from a patient's past hospital visits provides only a small benefit for the prediction of obstructive hydronephrosis. Therefore, inclusion of prior ultrasounds is beneficial, but prediction based on the latest ultrasound is sufficient for patient risk stratification.

Remote state estimation of large-scale distributed dynamic processes plays an important role in Industry 4.0 applications. In this paper, we focus on the transmission scheduling problem of a remote estimation system. First, we derive some structural properties of the optimal sensor scheduling policy over fading channels. Then, building on these theoretical guidelines, we develop a structure-enhanced deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework for optimal scheduling of the system to achieve the minimum overall estimation mean-square error (MSE). In particular, we propose a structure-enhanced action selection method, which tends to select actions that obey the policy structure. This explores the action space more effectively and enhances the learning efficiency of DRL agents. Furthermore, we introduce a structure-enhanced loss function to add penalties to actions that do not follow the policy structure. The new loss function guides the DRL to converge to the optimal policy structure quickly. Our numerical experiments illustrate that the proposed structure-enhanced DRL algorithms can save the training time by 50% and reduce the remote estimation MSE by 10% to 25% when compared to benchmark DRL algorithms. In addition, we show that the derived structural properties exist in a wide range of dynamic scheduling problems that go beyond remote state estimation.